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Genetics Depot

Hardest Substances
Diamond is the hardest substance in the world. Hafnium Carbide is the hardest metal in the world (2300 Knoop) Hardness is measured by Moh's Scale in science. Which is interpreted as ability to resist scratching. On a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being the hardest and most scratch resistant, here is how some minerals stack up on the Moh's scale. Note that each mineral down the list is able to scratch the mineral(s) above it. Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Feldspar Quartz Topaz Corundum (rubies or sapphires) Diamond Other systems for testing hardness: Brinell - Uses Tungsten Carbide ball Rockwell Vickers - Uses diamond to make indent. Knoop - Uses diamond to make indent.

Hardest Substances

Diamond is the hardest substance in the world.
Hafnium Carbide is the hardest metal in the world (2300 Knoop)

Hardness is measured by Moh's Scale in science. Which is interpreted as ability to resist scratching. On a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being the hardest and most scratch resistant, here is how some minerals stack up on the Moh's scale. Note that each mineral down the list is able to scratch the mineral(s) above it.

Talc
Gypsum
Calcite
Fluorite
Apatite
Feldspar
Quartz
Topaz
Corundum (rubies or sapphires)
Diamond

Other systems for testing hardness:

Brinell - Uses Tungsten Carbide ball
Rockwell
Vickers - Uses diamond to make indent.
Knoop - Uses diamond to make indent.

Resolutions

Television Resolutions

With everything being digitized in the world like televisions, resolution becomes more and more important in display quality for viewing video on Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs), plasma displays, and projector displays. In the beginning analog televisions read the analog signals and reproduced the pictures about 50-60 frames a second. Each frame had half of the picture (interlaced), so two frames were needed to create one complete picture. So in essence, about 30 complete pictures were drawn per second on the screen. Because the quality of the analog signal determines the resolution that can be displayed, having a higher resolution TV did not necessarily mean higher resolution pictures. That is because the analog signal for broadcast TV didn't have enough info packed inside it to produce more resolution than needed on the average TV set. There were three major types of analog TV signals, the NTSC, PAL, and SECAM. Each system varied in number of scan lines (number of horizontal lines going from top to bottom), but only a subset of those lines were viewable. The unused lines allowed storing Closed Caption and other information. The standards lock in the number of lines, but the number of horizontal dots produceable in each line varied depending on the quality of the analog broadcast signal. On average, broadcast TV only had enough information inside a horizontal line to reproduce about 330 different dots. However, since we are guaranteed a number of vertical dots (scan lines), we would need horizontal dots greater than the number of vertical dots so that we at least get similar horizontal resolution with each dot close to a square or round pixel. If the signal did not provide that high of a resolution capability, too bad, we just extract and average them out from the signal (which can mean duplicate dots). Below are the three major signals and their properties.

NTSC
- North Television Standards Committee
- 525 scan lines (about 480 viewable)
- 720x480 ("max horizontal dots" x "viewable lines" when dots are square or taller)
- 29.97 frames per second
- Countries of use:
  - Canada
  - Mexico
  - United States
PAL
- Phase Alternation by Line
- 626 scan lines (about 576 viewable)
- 720x576 ("max horizontal dots" x "viewable lines" when dots are square or taller)
- 25 frames per second
- Countries of use:
  - Australia
  - Austria
  - Germany
  - Switzerland
  - United Kingdom
SECAM
- Sequential Couleur Avec Memoire or Sequential Colour with Memory
- 626 scan lines (about 576 viewable)
- 720x576 ("max horizontal dots" x "viewable lines" when dots are square or taller)
- 25 frames per second
- Countries of use:
  - France
MESECAM
- ME-SECAM
- 626 scan lines (about 576 viewable)
- 720x576 ("max horizontal dots" x "viewable lines" when dots are square or taller)
- 25 frames per second
- Countries of use:
  - Russia
EDTV (Enhanced Definition TeleVision)
- 852x480
HDTV (High Definition TeleVision)
- SD (Standard Definition)
  - 640x480
  - 704x480
- HD (High Definition)
  - 1280x720
  - 1920x1080
UHDV (Ultra High Definition Video)
- 7680x4320

Storage Media Resolutions

With the advent of television, next came a way to store the TV broadcast signal on tape or disc in order to view later. This led to many formats (analog and digital) for storing the TV signal. In the analog portion (VHS and SVHS) the resolution are official ones recommended for converting to digital storage, along with average capability of the actual media (dots per horizontal line).

VHS (Video Home System)
- 220-240 horizontal dots average on actual media.
- 352x240 NTSC
- 352x288 PAL
SVHS (Super Video Home System)
- 400 horizontal dots average on actual media.
- 352x480 NTSC
- 352x576 PAL
32mm film (Theatre quality)
- 5000x5000 crystals average on each picture of actual film.
- 4096x4096 resolution often used to convert to digital format.
CD (Compact Disc)
- 780 nm infrared laser
- 700MB per layer
VCD (Video Compact Disc)
- 352x240 NTSC
- 352x288 PAL
CVD (Chinese Video Disc)
- 352x480 NTSC
- 352x576 PAL
SVCD (Super Video Compact Disc)
- 480x480 NTSC
- 480x576 PAL
LD (Laser Disc)
- 528x480 NTSC
- 528x576 PAL
DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)
- 650 nm red laser
- 4.7GB per layer
- 720x480 NTSC
- 720x576 PAL
- Disc Types
  - DVD-R: (Digital Versatile Disc-Recordable)
  - DVD+R: (Digital Versatile Disc+Recordable)
  - DVD-RW: (Digital Versatile Disc-ReWritable)
  - DVD+RW: (Digital Versatile Disc+ReWritable)
  - DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disc-Read Only Memory)
  - DVD-RAM: (Digital Versatile Disc-Random Access Memory)
- DVD5
  - Single Sided
  - Single Layer
  - 4.7 Gigabytes
- DVD9
  - Single Sided
  - Dual Layers
  - 8.5 Gigabytes
  - Incompatible with DVD-RW and DVD+RW
- DVD10
  - Double Sided
  - Single Layer
  - 9.4 Gigabytes
- DVD14
  - Double Sided
  - Single Layer on one side. Dual Layer on other side.
  - 13.2 Gigabytes
- DVD18
  - Double Sided
  - Dual Layers
  - 17 Gigabytes
- DVD Region Codes
  - 0: Discs playable worldwide (but PAL discs on PAL-compatible unit, and NTSC discs on NTSC-compatible unit)
  - 1: Bermuda, United States, U.S. territories, Canada
  - 2: Europe, Japan, Middle East, Egypt, South Africa, Greenland, Swaziland, Lesotho
  - 3: Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Macau, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Southeast Asia
  - 4: Mexico, South and Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Caribbean
  - 5: Russia, Eastern Europe, India, most of Africa, Mongolia, North Korea
  - 6: Mainland China
  - 7: Reserved for Unspeciied Special Use
  - 8: Reserved for International venues like Cruise Ships, Airlines, etc.
EVD (Enhanced Video Disc)
- China standard
HD-DVD (High Definition Digital Versatile Disc)
- 405 nm blue-violet laser
- 15 GB per layer
- No Region Codes
Blu-Ray Disc
- 405 nm blue-violet laser
- 25 GB per layer
- Blu-Ray Region Codes
  1. (A): North and South America, East Asia (except China)
  2. (B): Europe, Middle East, Africa and Oceania
  3. (C): China, Russia, South Asia
Conferencing and Video Camera Resolutions
SQSIF (Sub Quarter Source Input Format)
- 80x60
- 4,800 Pixels
QQCIF (Quarter Quarter Common Intermediate Format)
- 88x72
- 6,336 Pixels
SQCIF (Sub Quarter Common Intermediate Format)
- 128x96
- 12,288 Pixels
QQVGA (Quarter Quarter Video Graphics Array)
- 160x120
- 19,200 Pixels
QSIF (Quarter Source Input Format)
- 160x120
- 19,200 Pixels
QCIF (Quarter Common Intermediate Format)
- 176x144
- 25,344 Pixels
SSIF (Sub Source Input Format)
- 240x180
- 43,200 Pixels
SIF (Source Input Format)
- 320x240
- 76,800 Pixels
QVGA (Quarter Video Graphics Array)
- 320x240
- 76,800 Pixels
CIF (Common Intermediate Format)
- 352x288
- 101,376 Pixels
4CIF (4 Times Common Intermediate Format)
- 704x576
- 405,504 Pixels
16CIF (16 Times Common Intermediate Format)
- 1408x1152
- 1,622,016 Pixels
Computer Screen Resolutions

The following are names for common resolutions (or screen sizes). Note that for multiple resolutions in a given format, the bold-faced resolution is the common, modern, definition for that format. This is especially true for the graphics adapters used on computers, which supported multiple resolutions at different color depths. In addition, the modern definition pertains to screen size only, and number of colors is irrelevant.
CGA (Color Graphics Adapter)
- 640x200 - 2 colors
- 320x200 - 4 colors
  - 64,000 Pixels
  - 16/10 H/V Ratio
- 160x200 - 16 colors
HVGA (Half Video Graphics Array)
- 640x240 (Microsoft definition)
- 153,600Pixels
EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter)
- 320x100 - 16 colors
- 640x200 - 16 colors
- 640x350 - 16 colors
  - 224,000 Pixels
  - 1.83 H/V Ratio
PGA (Professional Graphics Adapter)
- 640x480 - 256 Colors
- 307,200 Pixels
- 4/3 H/V Ratio
VGA (Video Graphics Array)
- 640x480 - 16 colors (Mode 12h) (VESA definition)
  - 307,200 Pixels
  - 4/3 H/V Ratio
- 320x200 - 256 colors (Mode 13h)
- 320x240 - 256 colors (Mode X)
WVGA (Wide Video Graphics Array)
- 848x480
- 852x480
  - 408,960 Pixels
  - 16/9 H/V Ratio
XVGA
- 800x480 (Microsoft definition)
- 384,000 Pixels
SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array)
- 800x600 (VESA definition)
- 480,000 Pixels
- 4/3 H/V Ratio
XGA (eXtended Graphics Array)
- 1024x768 (VESA definition)
- 786,432 Pixels
- 4/3 H/V Ratio
WXGA (Wide eXtended Graphics Array)
- 1280x768
- 1280x800
- 1360x768
- 1366x768
  - 1,049,088 Pixels
  - 16/9 H/V Ratio
WXGA+ (Wide eXtended Graphics Array Plus)
- 1280x800
- 1440x900
QVGA (Quad Video Graphics Array)
- 1280x960
- 1,228,800 Pixels
SXGA (Super eXtended Graphics Array)
- 1280x1024 (VESA definition)
- 1,310,720 Pixels
- 5/4 H/V Ratio
SXGA+ (Super eXtended Graphics Array Plus)
- 1400x1050
WSXGA (Wide Super eXtended Graphics Array)
- 1600x900
- 1600x1024
  - 1,638,400 Pixels
  - 1.56 H/V Ratio
WSXGA+ (Wide Super eXtended Graphics Array Plus)
- 1680x1050
UXGA (Ultra eXtended Graphics Array)
- 1600x1200 (VESA definition)
- 1,920,000 Pixels
- 4/3 H/V Ratio
WUXGA (Wide Ultra eXtended Graphics Array)
- 1920x1200
- 2,304,000 Pixels
- 16/10 H/V Ratio
QXGA (Quad eXtended Graphics Array)
- 2048 x 1536 (VESA definition)
- 3,145,728 Pixels
- 4/3 H/V Ratio
WQXGA (Wide Quad eXtended Graphics Array)
- 2560×1600
- 4,096,000 Pixels
- 16/10 H/V Ratio
QSXGA (Quad Super eXtended Graphics Array)
- 2560x2048
- 5,242,880 Pixels
- 5/4 H/V Ratio
QSXGA+ (Quad Super eXtended Graphics Array Plus)
- 2800x2100
WQSXGA (Wide Quad Super eXtended Graphics Array)
- 3200x2048
- 6,553,600 Pixels
- 1.56 H/V Ratio
QUXGA (Quad Ultra eXtended Graphics Array)
- 3200x2400
- 7,680,000 Pixels
- 4/3 H/V Ratio
WQUXGA (Wide Quad Ultra eXtended Graphics Array)
- 3840x2400
- 9,216,000 Pixels
- 16/10 H/V Ratio
HSXGA (Hex Super eXtended Graphics Array)
- 5120×4096
- 20,971,520 Pixels
- 5/4 H/V Ratio
WHSXGA (Wide Hex Super eXtended Graphics Array)
- 6400×4096
- 26,214,400 Pixels
- 1.56 H/V Ratio
HUXGA (Hex Ultra eXtended Graphics Array)
- 6400×4800
- 30,720,000 Pixels
- 4/3 H/V Ratio
WHUXGA (Wide Hex Ultra eXtended Graphics Array)
- 7680×4800
- 36,864,000 Pixels
- 16/10 H/V Ratio

Computer Sizes and Quantifiers

Bits and Bytes

De Facto Definitions

Marketing Definitions

bit (0 or 1)
- Basic unit (Can represent 2 values)
- Abbreviation: b
byte
- 8 bits (00000000 to 11111111)
- Basic unit (Can represent 256 values)
- Abbreviation: B
kilobyte
- 1024¹ bytes
- 1,024 bytes
megabyte
- 1,024 kilobytes
- 1024² bytes
- 1,048,576 bytes
gigabyte
- 1,024 megabytes
- 1024³ bytes
- 1,073,741,824 bytes
terabyte
- 1,024 gigabytes
- 1024⁴ bytes
- 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
petabyte
- 1,024 terabytes
- 1024⁵ bytes
- 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes
exabyte
- 1,024 petabytes
- 1024⁶ bytes
- 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes
zettabyte
- 1,024 exabytes
- 1024⁷ bytes
- 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bytes
yottabyte
- 1,024 zettabytes
- 1024⁸ bytes
- 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 bytes
zeptobyte (Note: Unofficial and does not follow SI order)
- 1,024 yottabytes
- 1024⁹ bytes
- 1,237,940,039,285,380,274,899,124,224 bytes
yoctobyte (Note: Unofficial and does not follow SI order)
- 1,024 zeptobytes
- 1024¹⁰ bytes
- 1,267,650,600,228,229,401,496,703,205,376 bytes

bit (0 or 1)
- Basic unit (Can represent 2 values)
- Abbreviation: b
byte
- 8 bits (00000000 to 11111111)
- Basic unit (Can represent 256 values)
- Abbreviation: B
kilobyte
- 1000¹ bytes
- 1,000 bytes
megabyte
- 1,000 kilobytes
- 1024² bytes
- 1,000,000 bytes
gigabyte
- 1,000 megabytes
- 1000³ bytes
- 1,000,000,000 bytes
terabyte
- 1,000 gigabytes
- 1000⁴ bytes
- 1,000,000,000,000 bytes
petabyte
- 1,000 terabytes
- 1000⁵ bytes
- 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes
exabyte
- 1,000 petabytes
- 1000⁶ bytes
- 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes
zettabyte
- 1,000 exabytes
- 1000⁷ bytes
- 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes
yottabyte
- 1,000 zettabytes
- 1000⁸ bytes
- 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes
zeptobyte (Note: Unofficial and does not follow SI order)
- 1,000 yottabytes
- 1000⁹ bytes
- 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes
yoctobyte (Note: Unofficial and does not follow SI order)
- 1,000 zeptobytes
- 1000¹⁰ bytes
- 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes

Need to calculate large arbitrary precision numbers like above? Use Virtual Calc 2000

Bits and Bytes (Official Definitions from IEC 60027-2)

bit (0 or 1)
- Basic unit (Can represent 2 values)
- Abbreviation: b (unofficial abbreviation)
byte
- 8 bits (00000000 to 11111111)
- Basic unit (Can represent 256 values)
- Abbreviation: B (unofficial abbreviation)
kibibyte (KiB)
- 1024¹ bytes
- 1,024 bytes
mebibyte (MiB)
- 1,024 kibibytes
- 1024² bytes
- 1,048,576 bytes
gibibyte (GiB)
- 1,024 mebibytes
- 1024³ bytes
- 1,073,741,824 bytes
tebibyte (TiB)
- 1,024 gibibytes
- 1024⁴ bytes
- 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
pebibyte (PiB)
- 1,024 tebibytes
- 1024⁵ bytes
- 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes
exbibyte (EiB)
- 1,024 pebibytes
- 1024⁶ bytes
- 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes

ISO Quantifiers

	Short Scale (10³⁺³ⁿ)	Long Scale (10⁶ⁿ)	DE (10⁶ⁿ)	Greek-based name	SI Prefix	Symbol
10^-24	septillionth	quadrillionth	Quadrillionstel		Yocto-	y
10^-21	sextillionth	trilliardth	Trilliardstel		Zepto-	z
10^-18	quintillionth	trillionth	Trillionstel		Atto-	a
10^-15	quadrillionth	billiardth	Billiardstel		Femto-	f
10^-12	trillionth	billionth	Billionstel		Pico-	p
10^-9	billionth	milliardth	Milliardstel		Nano-	n
10^-6	millionth		Millionstel		Micro-	µ
10^-5	hundredthousandth		Hunderttausendstel		Centi-	c
10^-4	tenthousandth		Zehntausendstel		Deci-	d
10^-3	thousandth		Tausendstel		Milli-	m
10^-2	hundredth		Hundertstel		Centi-	c
10^-1	tenth		Zehntel		Deci-	d
10⁰	one		eins
10¹	ten		zehn		Deka-	dk
10²	hundred		hundert		Hecto-	h
10³	thousand		tausend		Kilo-	k
10⁴	tenthousand		zehntausend		Myria-	ma
10⁵	hundredthousand		hunderttausend		Hectokilo-	hk
10⁶	million		Million		Mega-	M
10⁹	billion	milliard	Milliarde	gillion	Giga-	G
10¹²	trillion	billion	Billion	tetrillion	Tera-	T
10¹⁵	quadrillion	billiard	Billiarde	pentillion	Peta-	P
10¹⁸	quintillion	trillion	Trillion	hexillion	Exa-	E
10²¹	sexillion	trilliard	Trilliarde	heptillion	Zetta-	Z
10²⁴	septillion	quadrillion	Quadrillion	oktillion	Yotta-	Y
10²⁷	octillion	quadrilliard	Quadrilliarde	ennillion
10³⁰	nonillion	quintillion	Quintillion	dekillion
10³³	decillion	quintilliard	Quintilliarde	hendekillion
10³⁶	undecillion	sextillion	Sextillion	dodekillion
10³⁹	duodecillion	sextilliard	Sextilliarde	trisdekillion
10⁴²	tredecillion	septillion	Septillion	tetradekillion
10⁴⁵	quattuordecillion	septilliard	Septilliarde	pentadekillion
10⁴⁸	quindecillion	octillion	Oktillion	hexadekillion
10⁵¹	sexdecillion	octilliard	Oktilliarde	heptadekillion
10⁵⁴	septdecillion, septendecillion	nonillion, noventillion	Nonillion	oktadekillion
10⁵⁷	octodecillion	nonilliard, noventilliard	Nonilliarde	enneadekillion
10⁶⁰	novemdecillion	decillion	Dezillion	icosillion
10⁶³	vigintillion	decilliard	Dezilliarde	icosihenillion
10⁶⁶	unvigintillion	undecillion	Undezillion	icosidillion
10⁶⁹	duovigintillion	undecilliard	Undezilliarde	icositrillion
10⁷²	trevigintillion	dodecillion, duodecillion	Duodezillion	icositetrillion
10⁷⁵	quattuorvigintillion	dodecilliard, duodecilliard	Doudezilliarde	icosipentillion
10⁷⁸	quinvigintillion	tredecillion	Tredezillion	icosihexillion
10⁸¹	sexvigintillion	tredecilliard	Tredizilliarde	icosiheptillion
10⁸⁴	septvigintillion, septenvigintillion	quattuordecillion	Quattuordezillion	icosioktillion
10⁸⁷	octovigintillion	quattuordecilliard	Quattuordezilliarde	icosiennillion
10⁹⁰	novemvigintillion	quindecillion	Quindezillion	triacontillion
10⁹³	trigintillion	quindecilliard	Quindezilliarde	triacontahenillion
10⁹⁶	untrigintillion	sexdecillion	Sexdezillion	triacontadillion
10⁹⁹	duotrigintillion	sexdecilliard	Sexdezilliarde	triacontatrillion
10¹⁰⁰	googol (10 duotrigintillion)	googol (10 sexdecilliard)	ein Googol (10 Sexdezilliarden)
10¹⁰²	tretrigintillion	septendecillion	Septendezillion
10¹⁰⁵	quattuortrigintillion	septendecilliard	Septendezilliard
10¹⁰⁸	quintrigintillion	octodecillion	Oktodezillion
10¹¹¹	sextrigintillion	octodecilliard	Oktodezilliard
10¹¹⁴	septtrigintillion, septentrigintillion	novemdecillion	Novemdezillion
10¹¹⁷	octotrigintillion	novemdecilliard	Novemdezilliard
10¹²⁰	novemtrigintillion	vigintillion	Vigintillion
10¹²³	quardragintillion	vigintilliard	Vigintilliarde
10¹²⁶	unquardragintillion	unvigintillion	Unvigintillion
10¹²⁹	duoquardragintillion	unvigintilliard	Unvigintilliarde
10¹³²	trequardragintillion	duovigintillion	Duovigintillion
10¹³⁵	quattuorquardragintillion	duovigintilliard	Duovigintilliarde
10¹³⁸	quinquardragintillion	trevigintillion	Trevigintillion
10¹⁴¹	sexquardragintillion	trevigintilliard	Trevigintilliarde
10¹⁴⁴	septquardragintillion, septenquardragintillion	quattuorvigintillion	Quattuorvigintillion
10¹⁴⁷	octoquardragintillion	quattuorvigintilliard	Quattuorvigintilliarde
10¹⁵⁰	novemquardragintillion	quinvigintillion	Quinvigintillion
10¹⁵³	quinquagintillion	quinvigintilliard	Quinvigintilliarde
10¹⁵⁶	unquinquagintillion	sexvigintillion	Sexvigintillion
10¹⁵⁹	duoquinquagintillion	sexvigintilliard	Sexvigintilliarde
10¹⁶²	trequinquagintillion	septenvigintillion	Septenvigintillion
10¹⁶⁵	quattuorquinquagintillion	septenvigintilliard	Septenvigintilliarde
10¹⁶⁸	quinquinquagintillion	octovigintillion	Oktovigintillion
10¹⁷¹	sexquinquagintillion	octovigintilliard	Oktovigintilliarde
10¹⁷⁴	septquinquagintillion, septenquinquagintillion	novemvigintillion	Novemvigintillion
10¹⁷⁷	octoquinquagintillion	novemvigintilliard	Novemvigintilliarde
10¹⁸⁰	novemquinquagintillion	trigintillion	Trigintillion
10¹⁸³	sexagintillion	trigintilliard	Trigintilliarde
10¹⁸⁶	unsexagintillion	untrigintillion	Untrigintillion
10¹⁸⁹	duosexagintillion	untrigintilliard	Untrigintilliarde
10¹⁹²	tresexagintillion	duotrigintillion	Duotrigintillion
10¹⁹⁵	quattuorsexagintillion	duotrigintilliard	Duotrigintilliarde
10¹⁹⁸	quinsexagintillion	tretrigintillion	Tretrigintillion
10²⁰¹	sexsexagintillion	tretrigintilliard	Tretrigintilliarde
10²⁰⁴	septsexagintillion, septensexagintillion	quattuortrigintillion	Quattuortrigintillion
10²⁰⁷	octosexagintillion	quattuortrigintilliard	Quattuortrigintilliarde
10²¹⁰	novemsexagintillion	quintrigintillion	Quintrigintillion
10²¹³	septuagintillion	quintrigintilliard	Quintrigintilliarde
10²¹⁶	unseptuagintillion	sextrigintillion	Sextrigintillion
10²¹⁹	duoseptuagintillion	sextrigintilliard	Sextrigintilliarde
10²²²	treseptuagintillion	septentrigintillion	Septentrigintillion
10²²⁵	quattuorseptuagintillion	septentrigintilliard	Septentrigintilliarde
10²²⁸	quinseptuagintillion	octotrigintillion	Oktotrigintillion
10²³¹	sexseptuagintillion	octotrigintilliard	Oktotrigintilliarde
10²³⁴	septseptuagintillion, septenseptuagintillion	novemtrigintillion	Novemtrigintillion
10²³⁷	octoseptuagintillion	novemtrigintilliard	Novemtrigintilliarde
10²⁴⁰	novemseptuagintillion	quardragintillion	Quardragintillion
10²⁴³	octogintillion	quardragintilliard	Quardragintilliarde
10²⁴⁶	unoctogintillion	unquardragintillion	Unquardragintillion
10²⁴⁹	duooctogintillion	unquardragintilliard	Unquardragintilliarde
10²⁵²	treoctogintillion	duoquardragintillion	Duoquardragintillion
10²⁵⁵	quattuoroctogintillion	duoquardragintilliard	Duoquardragintilliarde
10²⁵⁸	quinoctogintillion	trequardragintillion	Trequardragintillion
10²⁶¹	sexoctogintillion	trequardragintilliard	Trequardragintilliarde
10²⁶⁴	septoctogintillion, septenoctogintillion	quattuorquardragintillion	Quattuorquardragintillion
10²⁶⁷	octooctogintillion	quattuorquardragintilliard	Quattuorquardragintilliarde
10²⁷⁰	novemoctogintillion	quinquardragintillion	Quinquardragintillion
10²⁷³	nonagintillion	quinquardragintilliard	Quinquardragintilliarde
10²⁷⁶	unnonagintillion	sexquardragintillion	Sexquardragintillion
10²⁷⁹	duononagintillion	sexquardragintilliard	Sexquardragintilliarde
10²⁸²	trenonagintillion	septenquardragintillion	Septenquardragintillion
10²⁸⁵	quattuornonagintillion	septenquardragintilliard	Septenquardragintilliarde
10²⁸⁸	quinnonagintillion	octoquardragintillion	Oktoquardragintillion
10²⁹¹	sexnonagintillion	octoquardragintilliard	Oktoquardragintilliarde
10²⁹⁴	septnonagintillion, septennonagintillion	novemquardragintillion	Novemquardragintillion
10²⁹⁷	octononagintillion	novemquardragintilliard	Novemquardragintilliarde
10³⁰⁰	novemnonagintillion	quinquagintillion	Quinquagintillion
10³⁰³	centillion	quinquagintilliard	Quinquagintilliarde
	...	...	...
10⁶⁰⁰		centillion	Zentillion
10⁶⁰³	ducentillion
	...	...	...
10⁹⁰³	trecentillion
	...	...	...
10^googol	googolplex	googolplex	ein Googolplex	1 followed by googol zeros

10⁶ⁿ	(2n-1)-illion	n-illion
10⁶ⁿ⁺³	(2n)-illion	n-illiard

	10ⁿ is called `n-plex` 10^-n = 1 / 10ⁿ is called `n-minex` With this pattern we can build extremely large: googolplex = 10^googol googolplexplex = 10^googolplex googolplexplexplex = 10^{googolplexplex} googolplexplexplexplex = 10^{googolplexplexplex} ... ... and small numbers: googolminex = 1 / 10^googol googolplexminex = 1 / 10^googolplex googolplexplexminex = 1 / 10^{googolplexplex} googolplexplexplexminex = 1 / 10^{googolplexplexplex} ...

Frequency	Type
5.8 GHz	Cordless Phones
5 GHz	Wi-Fi 802.11a (30 dBm)
2.45 GHz	Microwave Ovens (10 dBm)
2.45 GHz	Wi-Fi 802.11g (30 dBm)
2.45 GHz	Wi-Fi 802.11b (30 dBm)
2.45 GHz	Bluetooth
2.45 GHz	Cordless Phones
2.45 GHz	Baby Monitors (10 dBm)
900 MHz	Cordless Phones

Abbreviation	Name
ROM	Read Only Memory
RAM	Random Access Memory
SRAM	Static Random Access Memory
PSRAM	Pseudo Static Random Access Memory
VRAM	Video Random Access Memory
WRAM	Window Random Access Memory
DRAM	Dynamic Random Access Memory
eDRAM	embedded Dynamic Random Access Memory
CDRAM	Cached Dynamic Random Access Memory
EDRAM	Enhanced Dynamic Random Access Memory
FPM RAM	Fast Page Mode Random Access Memory
EDO DRAM	Extended Data Out Dynamic Random Access Memory
BEDO DRAM	Burst Extended Data Out Dynamic Random Access Memory
SDRAM	Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
SDR SDRAM	Single Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
DDR SDRAM	Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
DDR2 SDRAM	Dual Channel Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
RDRAM	Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory
DIMM	Dual-Inline Memory Module
SO-DIMM	Small Outline Dual-Inline Memory Module
RIMM	Rambus trademark for DRDRAM memory modules
CAS	Column Address Strobe
ECC	Error Correction Code
FSB	Front Side Bus
FBGA	Fine Ball Grid Array
ODT	On Die Termination
COB	Chip On Board
PCB	Printed Circuit Board
SoC	System on Chip
NAND	Not AND

Name	Memory
PC66	66MHz data rate, 66Mhz clock SDR SDRAM
PC100	100MHz data rate, 100MHz clock SDR SDRAM
PC133	133MHz data rate, 133MHz clock SDR SDRAM
PC800	800MHz data rate, 400MHz clock RDRAM
PC1066	1066MHz data rate, 533MHz clock RDRAM
PC1200	1200MHz data rate, 600MHz clock RDRAM
PC1333	1333MHz data rate, 666MHz clock RDRAM
PC1600	200MHz data rate, 100MHz clock DDR SDRAM
PC2100	266MHz data rate, 133Mhz clock DDR SDRAM
PC2400	300MHz data rate, 150Mhz clock DDR SDRAM
PC2700	333MHz data rate, 166MHz clock DDR SDRAM
PC3000	366MHz data rate, 183MHz clock DDR SDRAM
PC3200	400MHz data rate, 200MHz clock DDR SDRAM
PC3500	433MHz data rate DDR SDRAM
PC3700	466MHz data rate DDR SDRAM
PC4000	500MHz data rate DDR SDRAM
PC4200	533MHz data rate DDR SDRAM
PC4300	533MHz data rate DDR SDRAM
PC4400	550MHz data rate DDR SDRAM
PC4500	556MHz data rate DDR SDRAM
PC2-4200	667Mhz data rate DDR2 SDRAM
PC2-4300	533Mhz data rate DDR2 SDRAM
PC2-5200	667Mhz data rate DDR2 SDRAM
PC2-5300	667Mhz data rate DDR2 SDRAM
PC2-6400	800Mhz data rate DDR2 SDRAM

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